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 <br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library designed to assist in the [advancement](https://git.techview.app) of reinforcement learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are defined in [AI](https://younghopestaffing.com) research study, making [published](http://182.92.251.553000) research more quickly reproducible [24] [144] while providing users with a simple user interface for connecting with these environments. In 2022, brand-new advancements of Gym have been relocated to the [library Gymnasium](https://whotube.great-site.net). [145] [146]
 <br>Gym Retro<br>
 <br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning (RL) research on video games [147] using RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on optimizing agents to fix single tasks. Gym Retro offers the capability to generalize in between games with comparable ideas however different looks.<br>
 <br>RoboSumo<br>
 <br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning [robot representatives](https://takesavillage.club) initially lack understanding of how to even walk, however are provided the objectives of discovering to move and to press the opposing representative out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing process, the representatives find out how to adjust to altering conditions. When an agent is then eliminated from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, recommending it had actually discovered how to balance in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition in between representatives could produce an intelligence "arms race" that could increase a representative's ability to operate even outside the context of the competition. [148]
 <br>OpenAI 5<br>
 <br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 OpenAI-curated bots utilized in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that find out to play against human gamers at a high skill level entirely through experimental algorithms. Before becoming a group of 5, the first public presentation occurred at The International 2017, the annual premiere champion tournament for the game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman [explained](https://scholarpool.com) that the bot had [learned](https://travelpages.com.gh) by playing against itself for two weeks of actual time, which the knowing software application was an action in the instructions of creating software that can deal with complicated jobs like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a kind of reinforcement knowing, as the bots discover over time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156]
 <br>By June 2018, the ability of the bots broadened to play together as a complete team of 5, and they had the [ability](https://www.sealgram.com) to defeat groups of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The [International](http://123.207.52.1033000) 2018, OpenAI Five played in 2 exhibition matches against expert gamers, but ended up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the reigning world champs of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibit match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later that month, where they played in 42,729 total games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165]
 <br>OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot player reveals the difficulties of [AI](https://git.bluestoneapps.com) systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has actually shown using deep reinforcement knowing (DRL) agents to attain superhuman competence in Dota 2 matches. [166]
 <br>Dactyl<br>
 <br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes maker finding out to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to manipulate physical items. [167] It finds out totally in simulation using the exact same RL algorithms and [training code](https://palsyworld.com) as OpenAI Five. OpenAI took on the item orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences rather than trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking electronic cameras, likewise has RGB cameras to allow the robot to manipulate an arbitrary things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system had the ability to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168]
 <br>In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl might resolve a Rubik's Cube. The robot had the ability to resolve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present intricate physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by enhancing the toughness of Dactyl to perturbations by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of creating gradually more hard environments. ADR varies from manual [domain randomization](http://62.234.217.1373000) by not requiring a human to define randomization varieties. [169]
 <br>API<br>
 <br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](https://git.weingardt.dev) models established by OpenAI" to let developers get in touch with it for "any English language [AI](https://wiki.eqoarevival.com) job". [170] [171]
 <br>Text generation<br>
 <br>The company has actually popularized generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172]
 <br>OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1")<br>
 <br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was written by Alec Radford and his colleagues, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11,  [it-viking.ch](http://it-viking.ch/index.php/User:Nellie6100) 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative design of language could obtain world knowledge and process long-range dependences by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br>
 <br>GPT-2<br>
 <br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language design and the successor to [OpenAI's original](http://www.hxgc-tech.com3000) GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with only restricted demonstrative variations initially launched to the public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not immediately launched due to issue about potential misuse, consisting of applications for writing fake news. [174] Some [specialists revealed](https://www.ssecretcoslab.com) uncertainty that GPT-2 presented a substantial danger.<br>
 <br>In [response](https://cvbankye.com) to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to find "neural fake news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, [cautioned](http://www.amrstudio.cn33000) of "the technology to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be difficult to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete variation of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several websites host interactive presentations of different [circumstances](https://www.personal-social.com) of GPT-2 and other transformer designs. [178] [179] [180]
 <br>GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language models to be general-purpose learners, highlighted by GPT-2 attaining state-of-the-art precision and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the design was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br>
 <br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from [URLs shared](https://www.elcel.org) in Reddit submissions with a minimum of 3 upvotes. It avoids certain problems encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both private characters and multiple-character tokens. [181]
 <br>GPT-3<br>
 <br>First explained in May 2020,  [raovatonline.org](https://raovatonline.org/author/angelicadre/) Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI stated that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion specifications, [184] 2 orders of [magnitude bigger](https://support.mlone.ai) than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete variation of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as few as 125 million specifications were also trained). [186]
 <br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "meta-learning" tasks and might generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184]
 <br>GPT-3 significantly improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language models might be approaching or  [engel-und-waisen.de](http://www.engel-und-waisen.de/index.php/Benutzer:ChristyPetherick) experiencing the essential capability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required a number of thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of compute, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the complete GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not right away launched to the general public for issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI prepared to enable gain access to through a [paid cloud](https://webloadedsolutions.com) API after a two-month free private beta that started in June 2020. [170] [189]
 <br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed exclusively to Microsoft. [190] [191]
 <br>Codex<br>
 <br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually furthermore been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://nurseportal.io) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was released in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a dozen programs languages, a lot of efficiently in Python. [192]
 <br>Several problems with problems, style defects and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196]
 <br>GitHub Copilot has been implicated of emitting copyrighted code, without any author attribution or license. [197]
 <br>OpenAI announced that they would cease support for Codex API on March 23,  [larsaluarna.se](http://www.larsaluarna.se/index.php/User:DominiqueCurmi) 2023. [198]
 <br>GPT-4<br>
 <br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs. [199] They announced that the upgraded innovation passed a simulated law school bar test with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might also read, evaluate or create as much as 25,000 words of text, and compose code in all major programs languages. [200]
 <br>Observers reported that the version of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is likewise efficient in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has actually  to expose various technical details and data about GPT-4, such as the [accurate size](http://www5f.biglobe.ne.jp) of the design. [203]
 <br>GPT-4o<br>
 <br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and launched GPT-4o, which can process and create text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained state-of-the-art outcomes in voice, multilingual, and vision standards, setting new [records](https://gitea.ymyd.site) in [audio speech](https://134.209.236.143) acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) standard compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207]
 <br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be particularly helpful for enterprises, start-ups and developers seeking to automate services with [AI](http://119.23.72.7) representatives. [208]
 <br>o1<br>
 <br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini designs,  [wakewiki.de](https://www.wakewiki.de/index.php?title=Benutzer:AndyDana123) which have been designed to take more time to think of their reactions, resulting in higher accuracy. These designs are especially reliable in science, coding, and reasoning jobs, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Employee. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211]
 <br>o3<br>
 <br>On December 20, 2024,  [gratisafhalen.be](https://gratisafhalen.be/author/tamikalaf18/) OpenAI revealed o3, the follower of the o1 reasoning design. OpenAI likewise revealed o3-mini, a lighter and faster version of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the opportunity to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The model is called o3 instead of o2 to prevent confusion with telecommunications services supplier O2. [215]
 <br>Deep research<br>
 <br>Deep research study is a representative established by OpenAI, revealed on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform extensive web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With searching and Python tools allowed, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) criteria. [120]
 <br>Image classification<br>
 <br>CLIP<br>
 <br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to examine the [semantic similarity](https://gitea.daysofourlives.cn11443) between text and images. It can significantly be utilized for image classification. [217]
 <br>Text-to-image<br>
 <br>DALL-E<br>
 <br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that produces images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to analyze natural language inputs (such as "a green leather handbag shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and produce corresponding images. It can create images of reasonable objects ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") as well as items that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br>
 <br>DALL-E 2<br>
 <br>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an upgraded version of the design with more reasonable outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software for Point-E, a brand-new simple system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220]
 <br>DALL-E 3<br>
 <br>In September 2023, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to create images from intricate descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complex details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222]
 <br>Text-to-video<br>
 <br>Sora<br>
 <br>Sora is a text-to-video model that can create videos based upon brief detailed prompts [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution as much as 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of created videos is unidentified.<br>
 <br>Sora's advancement team called it after the Japanese word for "sky", to represent its "limitless imaginative potential". [223] Sora's innovation is an adaptation of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image model. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos in addition to copyrighted videos accredited for  [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=11857434) that function, but did not expose the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223]
 <br>OpenAI demonstrated some [Sora-created high-definition](https://www.cbmedics.com) videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, specifying that it could create videos up to one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the techniques used to train the design, and the model's abilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its drawbacks, consisting of struggles replicating complex physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the demonstration videos "excellent", however kept in mind that they must have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's typical output. [225]
 <br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, significant entertainment-industry figures have actually shown substantial interest in the innovation's potential. In an interview, actor/[filmmaker](https://git.lgoon.xyz) Tyler Perry revealed his astonishment at the technology's ability to generate realistic video from text descriptions, mentioning its possible to reinvent storytelling and content creation. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had chosen to pause strategies for broadening his Atlanta-based motion picture studio. [227]
 <br>Speech-to-text<br>
 <br>Whisper<br>
 <br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition model. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of diverse audio and is also a multi-task model that can carry out multilingual speech acknowledgment as well as speech translation and language recognition. [229]
 <br>Music generation<br>
 <br>MuseNet<br>
 <br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent [musical](https://code.nwcomputermuseum.org.uk) notes in MIDI music files. It can generate songs with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a tune created by [MuseNet](https://videopromotor.com) tends to begin fairly but then fall into mayhem the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, preliminary applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the web psychological thriller Ben Drowned to produce music for the titular character. [232] [233]
 <br>Jukebox<br>
 <br>Released in 2020, [Jukebox](https://gitea.oo.co.rs) is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a bit of lyrics and outputs tune samples. OpenAI mentioned the songs "reveal local musical coherence [and] follow standard chord patterns" however acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" which "there is a significant space" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge specified "It's technically impressive, even if the outcomes sound like mushy variations of songs that might feel familiar", while Business Insider stated "remarkably, some of the resulting songs are appealing and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236]
 <br>Interface<br>
 <br>Debate Game<br>
 <br>In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which teaches devices to dispute toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such a method might assist in auditing [AI](https://tv.360climatechange.com) choices and in establishing explainable [AI](https://cvmobil.com). [237] [238]
 <br>Microscope<br>
 <br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every substantial layer and neuron of eight [neural network](http://h.gemho.cn7099) designs which are typically studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was developed to examine the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The models included are AlexNet, VGG-19, different variations of Inception, and different variations of CLIP Resnet. [241]
 <br>ChatGPT<br>
 <br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is a synthetic intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that offers a conversational interface that allows users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then reacts with an answer within seconds.<br>